# Chapter 15. Plugins

Now we look at how Gradle provides build-by-convention and out of the box functionality. These features are decoupled from the core of Gradle, and are provided via plugins. Although the plugins are decoupled, we would like to point out that the Gradle core plugins are NEVER updated or changed for a particular Gradle distribution. If there is a bug in the compile functionality of Gradle, we will release a new version of Gradle. There is no change of behavior for the lifetime of a given distribution of Gradle.

## 15.1. Declaring plugins

If you want to use the plugin for building a Java project, simply type

    usePlugin('java')

at the beginning of your script. That's all. From a technological point of view plugins use just the same operations as you can use from your build scripts. That is they use the Project and Task API (see Chapter 11, The Project and Task API). The Gradle plugins use this API for:

- Adding tasks to your build (e.g. compile, test)

- Creating dependencies between those tasks to let them execute in the appropriate order.

- Adding a so called convention object to your project configuration.

Let's check this out:

Example 15.1. Using plugin

`build.gradle`

    usePlugin('java')

    task check << {
        println(compile.destinationDir.name)
    }

Output of `gradle -q check`

    > gradle -q check
    classes

The Java Plugin adds a `compile` task to the project object which can be accessed by a build script.

The usePlugin method either takes a string or a class as an argument. You can write [14]

    usePlugin(org.gradle.api.plugins.JavaPlugin)

Any class, which implements the Plugin interface, can be used as a plugin. Just pass the class as an argument. You don't need to configure anything else for this. If you want to access a custom plugin via a string identifier, you must inform Gradle about the mapping. You can do this in the file `plugin.properties` in the top level directory of Gradle. It looks like this for the current release:

Figure 15.1. plugin.properties

    java=org.gradle.api.plugins.JavaPlugin
    eclipse=org.gradle.api.plugins.EclipsePlugin
    groovy=org.gradle.api.plugins.GroovyPlugin
    war=org.gradle.api.plugins.WarPlugin
    osgi=org.gradle.api.plugins.osgi.OsgiPlugin
    jetty=org.gradle.api.plugins.jetty.JettyPlugin
    maven=org.gradle.api.plugins.MavenPlugin
    project-reports=org.gradle.api.plugins.ProjectReportsPlugin

If you want to use your own plugins, you must make sure that they are accessible via the build script classpath (see Chapter 29, Organizing Build Logic for more information). To learn more about how to write custom plugins, see Chapter 24, How to write Custom Plugins.

## 15.2. Configuration

If you use the Java Plugin for example, there are a compile and a processResources task for your production code (the same is true for your test code). The default location for the output of those tasks is the directory `build/classes`. What if you want to change this? Let's try:

Example 15.2. Configuring a plugin

`build.gradle`

    usePlugin('java')

    task check << {
        processResources.destinationDir = new File(buildDir, 'output')
        println(processResources.destinationDir.name)
        println(compile.destinationDir.name)
    }

Output of `gradle -q check`

    > gradle -q check
    output
    classes

Setting the `destinationDir` of the processResources task had only an effect on the processResources task. Maybe this was what you wanted. But what if you want to change the output directory for all tasks? It would be unfortunate if you had to do this for each task separately.

Gradles tasks are usually convention aware. A plugin can add a convention object to your build. It can also map certain values of this convention object to task properties.

Example 15.3. Plugin convention object

`build.gradle`

    usePlugin('java')

    task check << {
        classesDirName = 'output'
        println(processResources.destinationDir.name)
        println(compile.destinationDir.name)
        println(convention.classesDirName)
    }

Output of `gradle -q check`

    > gradle -q check
    output
    output
    output

The Java Plugin has added a convention object with a `classesDirName` property. The properties of a convention object can be accessed like project properties. As shown in the example, you can also access the convention object explicitly.

By setting a task attribute explicitly (as we have done in the first example) you overwrite the convention value for this particular task.

Not all of the tasks attributes are mapped to convention object values. It is the decision of the plugin to decide what are the shared properties and then bundle them in a convention object and map them to the tasks.

### 15.2.1. More about convention objects

Every project object has a convention object which is a container for convention objects contributed by the plugins declared for your project. If you simply access or set a property or access a method in your build script, the project object first looks if this is a property of itself. If not, it delegates the request to its convention object. The convention object checks if any of the plugin convention objects can fulfill the request (first wins and the order is not defined). The plugin convention objects also introduce a namespace.

    usePlugin('java')
    println classesDir
    println convention.classesDir
    println convention.plugins.java.classesDir

All three statements print out the same property. The more specific statements are useful if there are ambiguities.

### 15.2.2. Declaring plugins multiple times

A plugin is only called once for a given project, even if you have multiple `usePlugin()` statements. An additional call after the first call has no effect but doesn't hurt either. This can be important if you use plugins which extend other plugins. For example `usePlugin('groovy')` calls also the Java Plugin. We say the Groovy plugin extends the Java plugin. But you might as well write:

    usePlugin('java')
    usePlugin('groovy')

If you use cross-project configuration in multi-project builds this is a useful feature.

## 15.3. Summary

Plugins provide tasks, which are glued together via dependsOn relations and a convention object.

[14] Thanks to Gradle's default imports (see Appendix C, Existing IDE Support and how to cope without it) you can also write `usePlugin(JavaPlugin)` in this case.